1.
The role of gut microbiome in inflammatory skin disorders: A systematic review.
Widhiati, S, Purnomosari, D, Wibawa, T, Soebono, H
Dermatology reports. 2022;14(1):9188
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Gut-skin axis refers to the complex cross-talk between gut bacteria and skin. Although the exact mechanism underlying chronic inflammatory skin conditions is unknown, imbalances in the composition of gut microbes are believed to play a role. Twenty-three studies were included in this systematic review to assess whether gut microbial imbalance may contribute to inflammatory skin conditions such as Psoriasis, Acne Vulgaris, Atopic Dermatitis, and Urticaria. According to this systematic review, immune stimulation, inflammation, and disruption of bacterial composition are common mechanisms in all these skin disorders. A western diet and environmental exposures are found to be contributing to the disruption of bacteria and the pathology of these skin disorders. It has been observed that friendly gut bacteria such as Bifidobacterium are reduced in people with inflammatory skin conditions, whereas elevated levels of pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli and Proteobacteria are present in the gut of patients with inflammatory skin conditions. The abundance of anti-inflammatory bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium leptum, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium may protect against inflammatory skin conditions. Further robust studies are required to evaluate the pathogenesis behind inflammatory skin conditions as well as the involvement of gut bacteria in the development and progression of the disease. Healthcare professionals can gain a deeper understanding of gut bacteria that contribute to the pathology of inflammatory diseases as well as how clinically using anti-inflammatory bacterial species may improve the condition of individuals suffering from inflammatory skin conditions.
Abstract
The close relationship between the intestine and the skin has been widely stated, seen from gastrointestinal (GI) disorders often accompanied by skin manifestations. Exactly how the gut microbiome is related to skin inflammation and influences the pathophysiology mechanism of skin disorders are still unclear. Many studies have shown a two-way relationship between gut and skin associated with GI health and skin homeostasis and allostasis. This systematic review aimed to explore the associations between the gut microbiome with inflammatory skin disorders, such as acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria, and to discover the advanced concept of this relationship. The literature search was limited to any articles published up to December 2020 using PubMed and EBSCOHost. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines for conducting a systematic review. Of the 319 articles screened based on title and abstract, 111 articles underwent full-text screening. Of these, 23 articles met our inclusion criteria, comprising 13 atopic dermatitis (AD), three psoriasis, four acne vulgaris, and four chronic urticaria articles. Acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and chronic urticaria are inflammation skin disorders that were studied recently to ascertain the relationship of these disorders with dysbiosis of the GI microbiome. All acne vulgaris, psoriasis, and chronic urticaria studies stated the association of gut microbiome with skin manifestations. However, the results in atopic dermatitis are still conflicting. Most of the articles agree that Bifidobacterium plays an essential role as anti-inflammation bacteria, and Proteobacteria and Enterobacteria impact inflammation in inflammatory skin disorders.
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Intestinal Microbial Composition of Children in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Probiotics to Treat Acute Gastroenteritis.
Horne, RG, Freedman, SB, Johnson-Henry, KC, Pang, XL, Lee, BE, Farion, KJ, Gouin, S, Schuh, S, Poonai, N, Hurley, KF, et al
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 2022;12:883163
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During the first few years of life the diversity of the gut microbiome increases with increasing age. Many factors influence the colonisation after birth and during infancy. There are some studies that have looked at the use of probiotics as a treatment for gastrointestinal distresses in children with some success. These studies however focus on the outcome. They do not consider the differences in gut microbiota in children and do not look at individual responses to probiotics. The purpose of this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was to understand the effect of a probiotic treatment on children under 4 years old admitted to the emergency department of hospital with acute diarrhea. 70 children were included (30 in the probiotic group, 32 placebo). Stool analyses were done on admission (day 0), then 5 days after administration of a probiotic or placebo and then again at day 28. The results showed that participants younger than 1 year had lower bacterial diversity than older children. The age of the child is a dominant factor in determining the overall diversity of the gut microbiome. Probiotic treatment for 5 days did not alter the composition of the gut microbiota. However, there was lower diversity in the presence of enteric bacterial pathogens; in particular, with C. difficile in stool samples. This study highlights that base line measurements should be included and that age is a key factor when designing future studies of this kind.
Abstract
UNLABELLED Compositional analysis of the intestinal microbiome in pre-schoolers is understudied. Effects of probiotics on the gut microbiota were evaluated in children under 4-years-old presenting to an emergency department with acute gastroenteritis. Included were 70 study participants (n=32 placebo, n=38 probiotics) with stool specimens at baseline (day 0), day 5, and after a washout period (day 28). Microbiota composition and deduced functions were profiled using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and predictive metagenomics, respectively. Probiotics were detected at day 5 of administration but otherwise had no discernable effects, whereas detection of bacterial infection (P<0.001) and participant age (P<0.001) had the largest effects on microbiota composition, microbial diversity, and deduced bacterial functions. Participants under 1 year had lower bacterial diversity than older aged pre-schoolers; compositional changes of individual bacterial taxa were associated with maturation of the gut microbiota. Advances in age were associated with differences in gut microbiota composition and deduced microbial functions, which have the potential to impact health later in life. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01853124.
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Potential role of microbiome in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelits (CFS/ME).
Lupo, GFD, Rocchetti, G, Lucini, L, Lorusso, L, Manara, E, Bertelli, M, Puglisi, E, Capelli, E
Scientific reports. 2021;11(1):7043
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelits (CFS/ME) is a severe multisystemic disease. The main symptom is persistent unexplained fatigue, it has inflammatory symptoms, is characterized by an abnormal immune response and dysfunction of energy metabolism. Recent studies suggest strong correlations between dysbiosis and other conditions such as intestinal disorders, autoimmune conditions, cancer and several neurological disorders. In the case of CFS/ME, some studies have shown an altered composition of the gut and oral microbiomes. In this study the oral and intestinal bacterial composition of CFS/ME patients were analysed and compared to a group of relatives and to a control population outside the families. This was to identify a possible effect of lifestyle habits and a microbial profile of CFS/ME syndrome. The study showed significant variations in both the intestinal and oral bacteria composition between CFS/ME patients, their relatives and external controls. There is a lot of interesting detail about the levels of specific bacteria in each group. Further studies are needed to better understand if the microbial composition changes are cause or consequence of the onset of CFS/ME and if they are related to any of the several secondary symptoms.
Abstract
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a severe multisystemic disease characterized by immunological abnormalities and dysfunction of energy metabolism. Recent evidences suggest strong correlations between dysbiosis and pathological condition. The present research explored the composition of the intestinal and oral microbiota in CFS/ME patients as compared to healthy controls. The fecal metabolomic profile of a subgroup of CFS/ME patients was also compared with the one of healthy controls. The fecal and salivary bacterial composition in CFS/ME patients was investigated by Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The metabolomic analysis was performed by an UHPLC-MS. The fecal microbiota of CFS/ME patients showed a reduction of Lachnospiraceae, particularly Anaerostipes, and an increased abundance of genera Bacteroides and Phascolarctobacterium compared to the non-CFS/ME groups. The oral microbiota of CFS/ME patients showed an increase of Rothia dentocariosa. The fecal metabolomic profile of CFS/ME patients revealed high levels of glutamic acid and argininosuccinic acid, together with a decrease of alpha-tocopherol. Our results reveal microbial signatures of dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota of CFS/ME patients. Further studies are needed to better understand if the microbial composition changes are cause or consequence of the onset of CFS/ME and if they are related to any of the several secondary symptoms.